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>Essendon clearly in the wrong >Essendon complain to Gil about imminent punishment, in-between evidence shredding sessions >Gil sees that the proverbial is about to hit the shredder, so tells Essendon everything will be fine to shut them up >Essendon cop punishment as expected >Essendon complain...

Your exercise capacity is limited by cardiac output Cardiac output is a factor of heart rate and stroke volume The limiting factor in cardiac output is heart rate Heart rate has a maximal threshold When on extremely strong stimulants, like ice, heart rate is exceptionally high at rest Therefore...

The reason why players that use illicit drugs have an "advantage", as you put it, over their alcohol-drinking counterparts, is because alcohol is inherently worse for your health. Legality does not equate to health effects; very few banned drugs are more harmful than alcohol or tobacco. This is...

No, WADA do care about the performance benefits of Clenbuterol; omit as incorrect in their assertion that Clenbuterol is a masking agent. As for AOD, it has not been significantly proven in clinical trials to have any form of benefit, let alone revealing any side effects. The latter is the...

No, it's merely a factor of alcohol being the number one harm inducing drug (physical and societal effects). Alcohol is, in fact, performance enhancing in small amounts when administered prior to a performance (fine balance between the mental benefits of a small amount, and the severe...

Ahh, yes I see what you mean; no need to apologise. Salbutamol (or Albuterol, as it's known in some countries) is the active ingredient in asthma relievers, most probably known by most as its brand name; 'Ventolin". It's a bronchodilator, which means it opens the airways, thus allowing for...

Huh? No form of amphetamine is prescribed, nor used off-label, for asthma.

From my physiological and pharmacological background, I can give you the most precise answer: Yes and no. Honestly, it all comes down to what substance is used, in what dosage, and at what time. Some will have an inherently negative effect on performance, whilst others may require excessive...

Nothing can stop you from keeping records of saying you injected vitamins, for example, as opposed to [insert doping substance here]. But, the fact is, that Essendon failed to provide any records at all. Yes, fabricating records is entirely possible, in which case further investigation is...

Of course, the "official" burden of proof is still on WADA. But, in the actual logistics of application, since WADA only has to develop "comfortable satisfaction" in order to rule a verdict of guilty. Unfortunately, that is not the case.

In any kind of logical process that addresses the veracity of a positive claim, the burden of proof underpins everything. In short, the party that makes an assertion (that is, makes the positive claim) has the onus to provide the proof for said assertion; it is not up to the other party/parties...

All that matters is that I didn't come out and say exactly what team it was; irrespective of how many hints I dropped.

In regards to whether NRL are in strife or this is just a massive beat up, a friend of mine lived in Canberra with some League players (of which team shall remain undisclosed) for a little while, and these particular individuals would administer questionable substances to themselves on a...