Control+V Thread

[Mr X]

Dynasties XII to XVII
The growth of the middle class and the conquest of the Hyksos
12th Dynasty, c.1991-1786 BCE
The 12th dynasty, founded by Amenemhet I, Mentuhotep IV's vizier, (1991 BCE), worked hard to restore royal prestige, seriously damaged by civil war and periodic famine. Its kings, living near Memphis, reduced the power of the provincial rulers and fostered the growth of a loyal central elite, using propagandistic literature to encourage recruitment of able civil servants and their unconditional allegiance, and transform the royal image from that of an insecure war leader to that of a confident, semidivine ruler.
The external situation remained dangerous. The northern Nubian and Sinai buffer zones were reoccupied and, for the first time, heavily fortified. Foreign trade expanded and diplomatic contacts were established, but Egyptian activity was more confined than during the Old Kingdom.
Social change was considerable. People had become more conscious of their rights, and royal policies had to both satisfy and temper this tendency. Religion was affected: funerary beliefs and rituals once largely restricted to kings, their immediate family and close followers, spread throughout all classes.
During the First Intermediate Period Egyptians had been less dependent on the state which had virtually disintegrated, stressing their economic self-sufficiency. Under the 12th dynasty royal policies encouraged the growth of a middle class, whose members were buried in well-furnished tombs and active at cult centers such as Abydos. Osiris, formerly a royal funerary god, became accessible to all.
Architectural remains become more varied. At Kahun, a large town was divided up into zones of better and poorer housing, reflecting significant socio-economic stratification; superbly designed fortresses were built in Nubia; and the ground plans of several temples have survived. Some kings built cenotaphs at Abydos, where many private memorial chapels of unique type have also been discovered recently.
Funerary remains continue to be the best source of art forms. At Thebes a new type of royal tomb developed, culminating in the unique terraced monument of Nebhepetre topped, not by a pyramid, but by a cubical version of the primeval mound. The pharaohs of the 12th dynasty, anxious to be identified with the autocratic Old Kingdom, revised the classic complex pyramid but included unusual subterranean elements evoking the mythical tomb of Osiris. Royal statues were often idealized, but some depicted a care-worn and more realistic figure. The elite continued to be buried in mastabas and rock-cut tombs, decorated first in awkward but striking styles reflecting the breakdown of the ancient stylistic norms, but later returning to more sophisticated, traditional modes.

My sister (Egypt obsessed) was on the internet before me. It was about 5 times longer, I cut it.

Is this part of the Duke of Edinburugh studies?

Nice way to spend your holiday time.......not

 

[BomberGal]

Is this part of the Duke of Edinburugh studies?

Nice way to spend your holiday time.......not

You didn't read all of my post, did you? Try the last line.

(Not doing Duke of Ed, either....I said I DID it.)

Besides. Ancient Egypt is fascinating.

 

[Red_Devil]

- ~JusTin~ - [..Millionaire..] says:
Straight swap for Shannon Grant perhaps?
Sebastian says:
laughable
Sebastian says:
check the age of the two respective players
- ~JusTin~ - [..Millionaire..] says:
Yes, even though Grant had a better yr. It's hilarious.
- ~JusTin~ - [..Millionaire..] says:
What are you going to play this game for 40 YRS?
Sebastian says:
I plan to, yes
- ~JusTin~ - [..Millionaire..] says:
In that case. You, are a nerd.
Sebastian says:
I know.

 

[choc_a_holic]

http://www.fanaticforum.tk/

 

[Ricketts]

^^^ Neeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrrrrrrrddddddddd!!!

Another one of HH's evil posts.