As has been said inherited wealth and intergenerational poverty are big ones. Kids from lower socio economic backgrounds go to worse schools, have less opportunity than rich kids.
But one of the bigger ones I bang on about is the fact that money buys political influence. If you're poor you dont have $50 million to give to Donald Trump like the Koch Brothers do and therefore your voice is not going to get priority over Charles and David Koch. This further entrenches wealth and privelege in those that already have wealth and privilege.
Also the natural tendency of capitalist economic markets to monopolize. This makes it much more difficult for your small business to compete with the giant corporation (and the campaign contributions from corporations tend to influence politicians to further entrench monopolies and snuff out competition).
Plenty more but that's a start.
Correct. Poor wage workers have little flexibility, time or capital in which to take risks with as they have to ensure a constant stream of income to maintain themselves.
I went to a public primary school and than a private secondary school. My friends were split 50/50 between public and private school.
I can tell you that there was massive difference in the attitude of the 2 groups towards education, I would say my private school friends on average would spend 5x as much time studying as my public school friends. My private school friends were also very ambitious about making lots of money once they left school while those at the public school aimed much lower.
My point is that the reason many families have generation after generation on low incomes is because of a cultural and attitude problem towards education and work.